| Processing Steps |
- Data Type: SALINITY - SURFACE WATER (measured); Units: ppt; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: YSI - handheld multi-parameter instrument; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration of instrubmentation.
- Data Type: turbidity (measured); Units: NTU; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: Hydrolab; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration.
- Data Type: pH (measured); Units: pH units; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: Hydrolab; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration.
- Data Type: CHLOROPHYLL A (measured); Units: ug/l; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: Hydrolab; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below the surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration.
- Data Type: DISSOLVED OXYGEN (measured); Units: mg/l; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: YSI - handheld multi-parameter instrument; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration.
- Data Type: TEMPERATURE - WATER [WATER TEMPERATURE] (measured); Units: degrees Celsius; Observation Type: in situ; Sampling Instrument: YSI - handheld multi-parameter instrument; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Probe submerged one half meter below surface of water; Data Quality Information: Daily calibration.
- Data Type: NO3- and NO2- (measured); Units: mg/l N; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. Nitrate and nitrite analysis is based on the methodology of Armstrong et al. (1967) and utilize a ground Cd column; Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, et al. (1967). "The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Autoanalyzer and associated equipment." Deep-Sea Research 14(3): 381-389.; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: AMMONIUM (NH4) (measured); Units: mg/l N; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyxer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. Ammonia analysis is based on the methodology of Harwood (Harwood and Kuhn, 1970) using dichloroisocyanurate as oxidizer. Harwood, J. E. and A. L. Kuhn (1970). "A colorimetric method for ammonia in natural waters." Water Research 4: 805 - 811; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: UREA (measured); Units: mg/l N; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. Urea is measured using diacetyl-monoximine and themicarbozide. Hansen, H. P. and F. Koroleff (1999). Determination of Nutrients. Methods of Seawater Analysis. K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling and M. Ernhardt. New York, Wiley-VCH: 159-251.; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (calculated); Units: mg/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: DIN is the summation of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (calculated); Units: mg/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: DON is calculated by subtracting DIN from total dissolved nitrogen; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: Total nitrogen (measured); Units: mg/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. The total concentration of nitrogen is determined after an initial decomposition step. This method involves persulfate oxidation while heating the sample in an autoclave (115°C, 20 minutes)(Hansen and Koroleff 1999). Hansen, H. P. and F. Koroleff (1999). Determination of Nutrients. Methods of Seawater Analysis. K. Grasshoff, K. Kremling and M. Ernhardt. New York, Wiley-VCH: 159-251.; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: Orthophosphate (measured); Units: mg/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Technicon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. Orthophosphate is measured using chemistry based on the investigations of Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) with the modification of hydrazine as a reductant. Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms (1967). The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symposium.; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (measured); Units: mg/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Techncon II nutrient analyzer; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, duplicate samples were collected for the analysis of dissolved nutrients. Samples were kept in the dark, and then filtered at the time of collection into acid-washed 125 ml high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles, using 60 ml syringes equipped with disposable Millipore Sterivex 0.22 μm filter units. The syringe was first rinsed with several full volumes of site water. Next, the syringe was refilled, the Sterivex filter attached, and a full volume of site water was pushed through the filter. The sample bottles were rinsed three times with filtered site water. The filter was removed and the syringe refilled with site water. After replacing the filter, the syringe/filter process was repeated until the bottles were filled, leaving adequate headspace to allow for expansion during freezing. Samples were immediately packed on ice for transport. Upon return to the laboratory, the water samples were frozen until shipped. Total phosphorus is measured using chemistry based on the investigations of Bernhardt and Wilhelms (1967) with the modification of hydrazine as a reductant. Bernhardt, H. and A. Wilhelms (1967). The continuous determination of low level iron, soluble phosphate and total phosphate with the AutoAnalyzer. Technicon Symposium.; Data Quality Information: Five standards are run in duplicate at the beginning of each day. Line regression calculations are conducted to generate conversion equations. Correlation coefficients of 0.99 or better are achieved prior to analysis. Blanks are also analyzed after each calibration in order to bracket each batch of 10 samples. Duplicate samples are analyzed with each batch. The %RPD must be less than 30% for each of the analytes measured if the detected analytes are detected at greater than 3x MDL.
- Data Type: Sediment trap deposition (measured); Units: mg/cm2/day; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: sediment trap tube; Sampling and Analyzing Method: Sediment traps were deployed for one month. Upon retrieval, sediment samples were decanted, filtered, rinsed to remove salts, then dried completely at 70° C. Samples were then cooled to room temperature in a desiccator, and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g to obtain total dry weight of accumulated sediments for each trap. Rate was determined using the number of days the traps had been deployed (typically 30 days).; Data Quality Information: Triplicate sediment traps deployed in the field, and deposition measured and averaged. Subset of samples reweighed after drying.
- Data Type: Organic/Carbonate/Terrigenous Sediment Fractions (measured); Units: grams; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Muffle furnace (Fisher Scientific Isotemp 550 series); Sampling and Analyzing Method: The analysis of sediment composition (organic/carbonate/ terrigenous fractions) was carried out using loss on ignition(LOI) at 550° C and 950° C, following the techniques described by Heiri, et al. (2001). Briefly, homogenized sediment sub-samples were placed into clean, labeled, and pre-weighed porcelain crucibles. Crucibles and sediments were then dried at 105° C, cooled, and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g prior to combustion at 550° C in a muffle furnace. Samples were held at 550° C for four (4) hours, then cooled to room temperature. Samples were again dried in a desiccator, and re-weighed post-combustion, then returned to the muffle furnace and combusted at 950° C for two (2) hours. Aftercooling to room temperature, the weighing process was repeated a final time to obtain dry weight post-combustion. Organic and carbonate contents of samples were calculated by the following equations, respectively: %LOI 550° C = ((DW 105° C - DW 550° C)/DW 105°C)*100%. LOI 950° C = ((DW 550° C - DW 950° C)/DW 105° C)*100. Heiri, O., Lotter, A. F., Lemcke, G. (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. Journal of Paleolimnology 25:101-110.; Data Quality Information: Duplicate samples measured.
- Data Type: Total supended solids (measured); Units: g/L; Observation Type: laboratory analysis; Sampling Instrument: Filter and suction flask apparatus; Sampling and Analyzing Method: At each site, a one (1) liter water sample was collected for analysis of total suspended solids (TSS) each month. A clean, pre-labeled bottle was uncapped and submerged approximately one half meter below the water surface. The bottle was filled and rinsed out twice with site water, then filled, capped, and placed on ice for transport back to UVI. The water samples for TSS were stored refrigerated for a period of no longer than one month from collection until analysis. Each one liter sample was filtered through a pre-weighed glass fiber filter mounted in a suction flask apparatus. (if less than one liter was used, the exact volume of water filtered was noted). The filtered sample was rinsed several times with deionized water in order to remove salts, then dried at 105° C, and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g. Calculation of TSS was as follows: TSS (mg/L) = ([A-B]*1000)/C Where A = End weight of the filter in grams (g) B = Initial weight of the filter in grams (g) C = Volume of water filtered in liters (l).; Data Quality Information: Duplicate samples taken at sitesz and analyzed.
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